The alkyl group is a -I + R substituent

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Luis Salvatella

Abstract

Electronic substituent effects are usually classified as inductive (through σ-bonds) and resonance effects (via π-bonds). The alkyl group has been usually regarded as aσ -electron donor substituent (+I effect, according to the Ingold’s classification). However, a σ-withdrawing, π-donor effect (-I + R pattern) allows explaining the actual electron-withdrawing behavior of alkyl groups when bound to sp³ carbon atoms as well as their well-known electron-releasing properties when attached to sp² or sp atoms. Alkyl substitution effects on several molecular properties (dipole moments, NMR, IR, and UV spectra, reactivity in gas phase and solution) are discussed.

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