Polarización. Un análisis conceptual
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo definir la polarización, destacando su relevancia en los contextos políticos modernos y los desafíos que plantea para la estabilidad democrática. El autor propone una definición de polarización como un equilibrio parcial entre la demanda y oferta polarizadora, donde los actores del centro luchan por atraer a los de los extremos mientras enfrentan dificultades para retener a los actores centristas. Esta conceptualización integra las perspectivas de polarización de élites y afectiva, contrastando nítidamente con el clivaje como su opuesto conceptual, y rechaza la noción de polarización aceptable.
Detalles del artículo
Citas en Dimensions Service
Citas
Abramowitz, A. I. (2010). The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. Yale University Press.
Abramowitz, A. I. (2017). The Disappearing Center. Yale University Press.
Axelrod, R., Daymude, J. A. y Forrest, S. (2021). Preventing Extreme Polarization of Political Attitudes. ArXiv: Multiagent Systems.
Baldassarri, D. y Gelman, A. (2008). Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion. American Journal of Sociology, 114(2), 408-46. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1010098
Barber, M. J. y McCarty, N. (2015). Causes and Consequences of Polarization. En N. Persily (Ed.), Solutions to Political Polarization in America (pp. 15-58). Cambridge University Press.
Bartels, L. M. (2008). Unequal Democracy. Princeton University Press.
Carothers, T. y O’Donohue, A. (Eds). (2019). Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization. Brookings Institution Press.
Coleman, P. T. (2021). The Way Out: How to Overcome Toxic Polarization. Columbia University Press.
Dahrendorf, R. (1959). Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford University Press.
Dalton, R. J. (2008). The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems. Comparative Political Studies, 41(7), 899-920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008315860
DiMaggio, P., Evans, J. H. y Bryson, B. (1996). Have Americans’ Social Attitudes Become More Polarized? American Journal of Sociology, 102(3). https://doi.org/10.1086/230995
Downs, A. (1956). An Economic Theory of Democracy. Harper and Row.
Druckman, J. N. y Levendusky, M. S. (2019). What Do We Measure When We Measure Affective Polarization? Public Opinion Quarterly, 83(1), 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfz003
Druckman, J. N., Peterson, E. y Slothuus, R. (2013). How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation. The American Political Science Review, 107(1), 57-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000500
Esteban, J. M. y Ray, D. (1994). On the Measurement of Polarization. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 62(4), 819-51. : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951734
Fiorina, M. P. (2017). Unstable Majorities. Party, Political Shorting & Political Stalemate. Hoover Institution Press.
Fiorina, M. P. y Abrams, S. J. (2008). Political Polarization in the American Public. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.POLISCI.11.053106.153836
Fiorina, M. P. y Abrams, S. J. y Pope, J. C. (2004). Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. Longman.
Freund, J. (1968). La Esencia de Lo Político. Traducido por Sofia Noël. Editora Nacional.
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/422690
Garrett, K. N. y Bankert, A. (2020). The Moral Roots of Partisan Division: How Moral Conviction Heightens Affective Polarization. British Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 621–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341700059X
Germani, G. (1955). Estructura social de la Argentina. Raigal.
Germani, G. (1962). Política y sociedad en una época de transición. Paidós.
Gunn, H. y Lynch, M. P. (2021). The Internet and Epistemic Agency. En J. Lackey (Ed.), Applied Epistemology (pp. 389-409). Oxford University Press.
Hawkins, K. A. y Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). The Ideational Approach to Populism. Latin American Research Review, 52(4), 513-28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26743761
Heersmink, R. (2018). A Virtue Epistemology of the Internet: Search Engines, Intellectual Virtues and Education. Social Epistemology, 32(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2017.1383530
Hetherington, M. J. (2009). Putting Polarization in Perspective. British Journal of Political Science, 39(2), 413-48. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511802331.002
Hetherington, M. J. y Weiler, J. (2018). Prius or Pickup?: How the Answers to Four Simple Questions Explain America’s Great Divide. HarperCollins.
Huddy, L., Mason, L. y Aarøe, L. (2015). Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity. The American Political Science Review, 109(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000604
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N. y Westwood, S. J. (2019). The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science (Palo Alto, Calif.), 22(1), 129-46. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034
Iyengar, S., Sood, G. y Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, Not Ideology. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038
Kamarck, E. C. (2015). Solutions to Polarization. En N. Persily (Ed.), Solutions to Political Polarization in America (pp. 96-103). Cambridge University Press.
Klein, E. (2020). Why We’re Polarized. Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster.
Layman, G. C., Carsey, T. M. y Horowitz, J. M. (2006). Party Polarization In American Politics: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences. Annual Review, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.POLISCI.9.070204.105138.
Lelkes, Y. (2016). Mass Polarization: Manifestations and Measurements. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 392-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/POQ/NFW005
Lelkes, Y. y Westwood. (2017). The Limits of Partisan Prejudice. The Journal of Politics, 79(2), 485-501. https://doi.org/10.1086/688223
Levitsky, S. y Ziblatt, D. (2018). Cómo Mueren Las Democracias. Ariel.
Levy, N. (2022). Bad Beliefs: Why They Happen to Good People. Oxford University Press.
Lipset, S. M. y Rokkan, S. (1967). Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction. En S. M. Lipset y S. Rokkan, Party Systems and Voter Alignments (pp. 1-64). The Free Press.
Lipset, S. M. (1960). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Doubleday & Company.
Mackie, J. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. Penguin Adult.
Mason, L. (2015). ‘I Disrespectfully Agree’: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 128-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12089
Mason, L. (2018). Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. University of Chicago Press.
McCarty, N. M., Poole, K. T. y Rosenthal, H. (2006). Polarized America. Walras-Pareto Lectures Series. MIT Press.
McCauley, C. y Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways toward Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367
McCoy, J., Rahman, T. y Somer, M. (2018). Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities. The American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 16-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218759576
McCoy, J. y Somer, M. (2019). Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies: Comparative Evidence and Possible Remedies. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1), 234-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716218818782
Morlino, L. y Raniolo, F. (2017). The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies. Springer International Publishing.
Mudde, C. y Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2018). Studying Populism in Comparative Perspective: Reflections on the Contemporary and Future Research Agenda. Comparative Political Studies, 51(13), 1667-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018789490
Nelimarkka, M., Rancy, J. P., Grygiel, J. y Semaan, B. (2019). (Re)Design to Mitigate Political Polarization: Reflecting Habermas Ideal Communication Space in the United States of America and Finland. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(141), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359243
Norris, P. e Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge University Press.
Parsons, T. (1959). Voting and the Equilibrium of the American Political System. En E. Burdick y A. J. Brodbeck (Eds.), American Voting Behavior. Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1969). Politics and Social Structure. Free Press.
Prior, M. (2013). Media and Political Polarization. Annual Review of Political Science (Palo Alto, Calif.), 16(1), 101-27. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242
Przeworski, A. (2022). Las crisis de la democracia: ¿Adónde pueden llevarnos el desgaste institucional y la polarización? Siglo XXI Editores.
Przeworski, A., Rivero, G. y Xi, T. (2015). Elections as a Conflict Processing Mechanism. European Journal of Political Economy, 39(September), 235-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.05.006
Rogowski, J. C. y Sutherland, J. L. (2016). How Ideology Fuels Affective Polarization. Political Behavior, 38(2), 485-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9323-7
Strickler, R. (2018). Deliberate with the Enemy? Polarization, Social Identity, and Attitudes toward Disagreement. Political Research Quarterly, 71(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917721371
Sartori, G. (2005). Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. ECPR Press.
Schedler, A. P. (2023). Rethinking Political Polarization. Political Science Quarterly, 138(3), 335-359 https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad038
Simpson, D. (2022). Polarization and the Politics of Resentment. University of Illinois Press.
Sodoma, K. A. y Sharp, D. (2022). Democratic Empathy and Affective Polarization in Advance. Social Philosophy Today, 39, 71-87. https://doi.org/10.5840/socphiltoday202368101.
Somer, M. y McCoy, J. (2018). Déjà vu? Polarization and Endangered Democracies in the 21st Century. The American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218760371
Stewart, A. J., McCarty, N. y Bryson, J. (2020). Polarization under Rising Inequality and Economic Decline. Science Advances, 6, eabd4201. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIADV.ABD4201
Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure. The Journal of Communication, 60(3), 556-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
Sunstein, C. R. (2017). #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media. Princeton University Press.
Talisse, R. B. (2021). Problems of Polarization. En E. Edenberg y M. Hannon (Eds.), Political Epistemology (pp. 209-225). Oxford University Press.
Webster, S. W. y Abramowitz, A. I. (2017). The Ideological Foundations of Affective Polarization in the U.S. Electorate. American Politics Research, 45(4), 621-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X17703132
Westfall, J.,Van Boven, L., Chambers, J. R. y Judd, C. M. (2015). Perceiving Political Polarization in the United States: Party Identity Strength and Attitude Extremity Exacerbate the Perceived Partisan Divide. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 10(2), 145-58.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615569849
Wright, C. J., Cullum, J. y Schwab, N. (2008). The Cognitive and Affective Dimensions of Moral Conviction: Implications for Attitudinal and Behavioral Measures of Interpersonal Tolerance. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(11), 1461-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322557
Revista Mexicana de Opinión Pública por Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.
Basada en una obra en http://revistas.unam.mx/index.php/rmop.