Factores de riesgo modificables en las mujeres embarazadas para el desarrollo de trastornos mentales: revisión integrativa
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Introducción: un estudio desarrollado en Australia reporta que un 20% de las embarazadas padecen trastornos mentales durante el embarazo, de las cuales hasta un 85% no reciba atención médica focalizada, también, se ha reportado que menos del 20% del personal de atención primaria en salud lleva a cabo alguna evaluación para identificar riesgos en salud mental. Objetivo: analizar los hallazgos científicos sobre los factores de riesgo modificables de la mujer embarazada para el desarrollo de trastornos mentales. Metodología: revisión integradora de la literatura en seis bases de datos, realizada entre agosto y noviembre del año 2021. Se siguieron las directrices PRISMA que permitieron la identificación 36 cumplieron con la pregunta clínica PICOT y los criterios de inclusión. Resultados y discusión: los factores de riesgo modificables más reportados en la literatura fueron los relacionados con el estilo de vida, el acceso a los servicios de salud y la preocupación excesiva por situaciones socioeconómicas-familiares, siendo en conjunto desencadenante de inestabilidad emocional y estrés, y ser terreno fértil para el desarrollo de trastornos mentales durante la gestación. Del mismo modo, se propone un plan de atención de enfermería enfocado en las respuestas y necesidades humanas identificadas en el estudio. Conclusiones: el estudio identifica los factores de riesgo modificable más reportados en la literatura para su reconocimiento e inclusión en los programas de atención integral prenatal, retroalimentación de las teorías y modelos en enfermería, reorientar los procesos formativos y la transformación de las políticas públicas en salud a procesos vitales y no a patologías.
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