About the Subtle and the Manifest in the ATLG scale
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aims of this paper were to calculate internal consistency of the Attitude toward Lesbian and Gay Men (ATLG) scale, to determine its factor structure, and to verify the equivalence of the factor structure pattern by gender. An incidental sample of 452 undergraduate students was collected. Internal consistency of its 20 items was high (alpha = .94). It was defined a solution of three factors nested to one general factor: one factor related to an attitude of rejection toward lesbians (ATL), another factor related to an attitude of open rejection toward gay men (ATG-Open), and a third factor related to an attitude of subtle rejection toward gay men (ATG-Subtle). The three factors had high values of internal consistency (.91, .84, and .79, respectively). This factor model showed an adequate data fit (Chi-square/df = 2.38, RMSEA = .05, GFI = .91, and AGFI = .90), and resulted valid for men and women in the multigroup contrast (Chi-square/df = 1.80, RMSEA = .04, GFI = .87, and AGFI = .83). Nevertheless, the 20-item ATLG scale could be reduced to the 5 items composing the ATG-Subtle factor owing to the extremely strong weights that the general factor had on its three nested factors and the low risk of underestimation of the actual attitudinal rejection that this reduction conveys. It is recommended the use of the ATLG scale with its 20 items in Mexico, and its study in other Spanish-speaking countries.
Article Details
Citas en Dimensions Service
References
Álvarez, J. L. (2002). Homosexualidad: Derrumbe de mitos y falacias [Homosexuality: Colapse of myths and fallacies]. México: Benemérita Universidad de Puebla.
American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073, available via: http://dx.doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.12.1060
Barrientos, J. & Cárdenas, M. (2012). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish language version of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG). Universitas Psychologica, 11, 579-586.
Blackwell, C. W. & Kiehl, E. M. (2008). Homophobia in registered nurses: Impact on LGB youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 5(4), 28-44, available via: http://dx.doi:10.1080/19361650802222989
Byrne, B. (2009). Structural equating modelling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
Cárdenas, M. (2007). Escala de racismo moderno: propiedades psicométricas y su relación con variables psicosociales [The modern racism scale: Psychometric properties and its relationship with psychosocial variable]. Universitas Psychologica, 6, 255-262.
Cárdenas, M. & Barrientos, J. (2008a). The Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG): Adaptation and testing the reliability and validity in Chile. Journal of Sex Research, 45(2), 140-149, available via: http://dx.doi:10.1080/00224490801987424
Cárdenas, M. & Barrientos, J. (2008b). Actitudes explícitas e implícitas hacia los hombres homosexuales en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en Chile [Explicit and Implicit Attitudes toward Gay Men in a University Sample in Chile]. Psykhe, 17(2), 17-25, available via: http://dx.doi:10.4067/S0718-22282008000200002
Crompton, L. (2006). Homosexuality and civilization. Cambridge: Belknap.
Haddock, G. (2004). Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes. New York: Publisher Taylor & Francis.
Herek, G. M. (1984). Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A factor analytic study. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1/2), 39-51, available via: http://dx.doi:10.1300/J082v10n01_03
Herek, G. M. (1994). Assessing heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A review of empirical research with the ATLG scale. In B. Greene & G.M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 206-228). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Herek, G. M. (2006). Legal recognition of same sex relationship in the United State: A social sciences perspective. American Psychologist, 61(6), 607-621, available via: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607
Herek, G.M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology, 64 309-333, available via: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143826
Major, B., & Eccleston, C. P. (2005). Stigma and social exclusion. En D. Abrams, J. Marques & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 63-87). New York: Psychol. Press.
McConahay, J. B. & Hough, J. C. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32(2), 23-45, available via: doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1976.tb02493.x
Meerendonk, B., Eisinga, R. & Felling, A. (2003). Application of Herek’s attitudes toward lesbians and gay men scale in the Netherlands. Psychological Reports, 93(1), 265-275, available via: http://dx.doi:10.2466/PR0.93.5.265-275
Moral, J., García, C. H. y Antona, C. J. (2012). Traducción y validación del Inventario Balanceado de Deseabilidad Social al Responder en una muestra probabilística de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos [Translation and validation of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding in a probability sample of Mexican university students]. Revista de Psicología GEPU, 3(2), 20-32.
Morrison, M. & Morrison, T. (2002). Development and validation of a scale measuring modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Homosexuality, 43(2), 15-37, available via: http://dx.doi:10.1300/J082v43n02_02
Neisen, J. H. (1990). Heterosexism: redefining homophobia for the 1990s. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 1(3), 21-35, available via: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19359705.1990.9962143
Quiles, M. N., Betancor, V., Rodríguez, R., Rodríguez, A. & Coello, E. (2003). La medida de la homofobia manifiesta y sutil [The assessment of overt and subtle homophobia]. Psicothema, 15, 197-204.
Rodríguez, M. N. & Ruiz, M. A. (2008). Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencia sobre la estructura factorial [The Reduction of skewness and kurtosis of observed variables by data transformation: Effect on factor structure]. Psicológica, 29, 205-227.
Stoever, C. J. & Morera, O. F. (2007). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) measure. Journal of Homosexuality, 52(3-4), 189-209, available via: http://dx.doi:10.1300/J082v52n03_09
Esta revista es de acceso libre inmediato a su contenido, bajo el principio de hacer disponible al público gratuitamente las investigaciones publicadas.
Los autores que publiquen en Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI) aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
- De acuerdo con la legislación de derechos de autor, en Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI) reconoce y respeta el derecho moral de los autores, así como la titularidad del derecho patrimonial, el cual será transferido —de forma no exclusiva— a la revista para su difusión en acceso abierto.
- La revista Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI) no realiza cargos a los autores por enviar y procesar artículos para su publicación.
- Todos los textos publicados por en Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI)
—sin excepción— se distribuyen amparados bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución- NoComercial 4.0 Internacional, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
- Los autores pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI), por ejemplo incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o darlo a conocer en otros medios en papel o electrónicos, siempre que indique clara y explícitamente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en el Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI).
- Para todo lo anterior, los autores deben remitir el formato de carta de transmisión de derechos patrimoniales de la primera publicación debidamente requisitado y firmado, al momento de ser aceptado para su publicación el manuscrito en cuestión.
This is an open-access journal in terms of its content, under the premise of making published research available to the public for free.
The authors who publish on the Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI) accept the following terms:
- In accordance to the copyright law, the Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI) recognizes and respects the moral law of the authors, as well as the ownership right, which will be transferred –in a non-exclusive manner- to the journal for its open access diffusion.
- The Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI) does not charge the authors for sending and processing the papers for their publication.
- Every text published by the Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI) –with no exception- is distributed under protection of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows third parties to utilize what was published as long as they mention the authorship of the paper and the first publication in this journal.
- The authors can hold other contractual agreements, independent and additional to the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the article in the Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI), such as including it in an institutional repository or promoting it through channels different from paper or electronic publications, as long as it indicates clearly and explicitly that the paper was first published in the Journal of Behavior, Health and Social Issues (JBHSI).
- For all the previous matters, the authors must refer the format of the letter of transference of patrimonial rights of the first publication, properly required and signed, at the moment of being approved for publication in the manuscript at issue.