Biomarcadores y carcinoma oral de células escamosas. Una actualización
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El carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) es un problema de salud pública, constituye la neoplasia maligna predominante de la cavidad oral. El cáncer oral se asocia con altas tasas de mortalidad y una morbilidad considerable, lo que afecta profundamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes. La identificación y el uso de biomarcadores fiables, como α-SMA, E-cadherina, N-cadherina, CEA, EGF, CK19 o p53, se han vuelto cruciales para la detección precoz, el diagnóstico preciso y la vigilancia eficaz de la progresión y la recurrencia de la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tiene como objetivo proporcionar un análisis exhaustivo de los biomarcadores utilizados en el diagnóstico del COCE, abarcando sus diversas aplicaciones, tipos, mecanismos de acción y su uso en la investigación relacionada con el COCE. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE (PubMed), y Web of Science abarcando el periodo del 1 de enero de 2015 al 30 de diciembre de 2024. La estrategia de investigación fue la siguiente (α-SMA) AND ((epidermoid carcinoma) OR ((Oral cancer) AND (oral squamous cell carcinoma))); para cada uno de los biomarcadores seleccionados (actina alfa del músculo liso, E-cadherina, N-cadherina, antígeno carcinoembrionario, receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico, citoqueratina 19, p53, Ki-67). El uso simultáneo de múltiples biomarcadores podría proporcionar una comprensión más completa de la enfermedad, lo que permitiría un diagnóstico, un pronóstico y un tratamiento más precisos y específicos, mejorando, en última instancia, los resultados de los pacientes y el manejo clínico del COCE. Este enfoque puede ayudar a los médicos e investigadores a comprender mejor la complejidad del COCE, lo que les permitirá desarrollar estrategias más eficaces para la detección precoz, la monitorización de la enfermedad y las intervenciones terapéuticas personalizadas
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