Metodologias e índices de segurança hídrica: uma revisão sistemática da aplicação em bacias e na indústria
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A escassez hídrica, intensificada pelas mudanças climáticas e pelo crescimento populacional, representa um desafio global que afeta diretamente a segurança hídrica e, em particular, torna o setor industrial vulnerável devido à elevada demanda por água em seus processos. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão sistemática conduzida segundo a metodologia PRISMA e a estratégia PICO, com o objetivo de identificar e analisar as metodologias utilizadas para avaliação da segurança hídrica em diferentes contextos territoriais e setoriais, enfatizando as contribuições e lacunas relacionadas ao setor industrial. Foram identificadas diversas abordagens para avaliação da segurança hídrica, risco e vulnerabilidade, com destaque para métodos multicritério como AHP e suas variações (FAHP, BWM, Delphi, entropia), modelos fuzzy (FCE), estruturas conceituais como DPSIR e PSER, previsão cinza e sistemas de apoio à decisão (DSS). Muitas dessas metodologias foram aplicadas à construção de índices e indicadores voltados à análise de segurança hídrica urbana e rural, à avaliação de estresse hídrico e à sustentabilidade dos recursos hídricos. A análise de 26 estudos evidenciou tanto métodos consolidados quanto emergentes, frequentemente combinados com ferramentas analíticas e geoespaciais para aprimorar a precisão e a aplicabilidade dos resultados. Embora a busca bibliográfica tenha incluído explicitamente o termo “indústria”, poucas aplicações diretas foram encontradas, revelando uma lacuna significativa no uso dessas metodologias no setor. Ainda assim, os métodos identificados oferecem bases robustas para adaptações futuras, capazes de apoiar diagnósticos, previsões e decisões estratégicas em contextos industriais e em territórios sob crescente pressão hídrica.
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