Methodologies and water security indices: a systematic review of their application in basins and industry
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Abstract
Water scarcity, intensified by climate change and population growth, represents a global challenge that directly affects water security and makes the industrial sector vulnerable due to its high demand for water in operational processes. This article presents a systematic review conducted according to the PRISMA methodology and the PICO strategy, aiming to identify and analyze methodologies used for water security assessment in different territorial and sectoral contexts, with emphasis on contributions and gaps related to the industrial sector. Several approaches for assessing water security, risk, and vulnerability were identified, notably multi-criteria methods such as AHP and its variations (FAHP, BWM, Delphi, entropy), fuzzy models (FCE), conceptual frameworks such as DPSIR and PSER, grey forecasting, and decision support systems (DSS). Many of these methodologies have been applied to the construction of indices and indicators for urban and rural water security analysis, water stress assessment, and water resources sustainability. The analysis of 26 studies revealed both established and emerging methods, often combined with analytical and geospatial tools to enhance the accuracy and applicability of results. Although the literature search explicitly included the term “industry,” few direct applications were found, revealing a significant gap in the use of these methodologies in the sector. Nevertheless, the identified methods provide a robust basis for future adaptations capable of supporting diagnosis, forecasting, and strategic decision-making in industrial contexts and in territories under increasing water stress.
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