SENSORES DE MATERIAL PARTICULADO EN SUSPENSIÓN DE BAJO COSTO: INTEGRACIÓN AL MONITOREO DE LA CALIDAD DEL AIRE
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El avance del conocimiento sobre los efectos en salud que tienen las partículas atmosféricas, así como su influencia en el clima y potencial en calentamiento global, llevaron a exigir el control de sus niveles en el aire ambiente y a la determinación confiable de las concentraciones ambientales a nivel de superficie realizada en la mayoría de los países con instrumentos de referencia o equivalentes. Sin embargo, el costo y los recursos necesarios para la adquisición y operación de estos instrumentos de referencia dificultan la instalación de redes de vigilancia de la calidad del aire. En las últimas décadas, tuvo lugar a nivel internacional un gran desarrollo de sensores de los contaminantes atmosféricos que, a pesar de no ser reglamentarios, son portátiles, de menor costo y relativamente más sencillos de operar que los instrumentos de referencia. Los avances en microprocesadores y miniaturización permitieron el ingreso de estos sensores, facilitando un aumento inédito de su uso con fines no reglamentarios de evaluación de la calidad del aire. Aunque se acepta el empleo de sensores de bajo costo en el cuidado de la salud personal y pública, lo preocupante sobreviene cuando los datos obtenidos se emplean como sustitutivos o complementarios de las redes de referencia para vigilancia de la calidad del aire. El propósito de este artículo es contribuir a la discusión regional de criterios orientativos para el uso de sensores de partículas atmosféricas de bajo costo. El trabajo se basa en la revisión de medio centenar de artículos científicos publicados en la última década.
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