Economic assessment of municipal solid waste management in midsized metropolitan areas of Brazil
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
This paper addresses the incipient number of studies regarding municipal solid waste management in Brazil, where the federal law requires the inclusion of waste pickers in waste management and proposes waste diversion targets far from being attained. Therefore, decision-makers can make the best choice economically among alternative technological roadmaps that meet the legal requirements. The proposed alternatives combine biowaste treatments (open composting, closed composting, anaerobic digestion), recycling and final disposal methods (landfill and incineration) for a metropolitan region with two million inhabitants. The results show that incineration can lower the costs for the citizens, and the cost increase is modest if anaerobic digestion is chosen if no profit is intended after 20 years (IRR=0%). However, higher profit (8% and 16% IRR) causes a significant increase in the service fees, which could encourage the use of composting facilities with lower environmental performance. Furthermore, the high waste diversions scenarios have lower service fees than the low diversions counterparts because of the increase in revenue from sales of recyclable materials and employing 5,697 instead of 2,138 pickers to work at sorting facilities, therefore highly recommended.
Detalles del artículo
Citas en Dimensions Service
Citas
ABRELPE, Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos and Especiais (Brazilian Association of Public Cleaning and Special Waste Companies) (2013) Atlas Brasileiro de Emissões de GEE e Potencial Energético na Destinação de Resíduos Sólidos (Brazilian Atlas of GHG emissions and Energy Potential in Solid Waste Destination). Available at: https://abrelpe.org.br/pdfs/publicacoes/atlas_brasileiro.pdf
Aracil, C., Haro, P., Fuentes-Cano, D., Gómez-Barea, A. (2018) Implementation of waste-to-energy options in landfill-dominated countries: Economic evaluation and GHG impact, Waste Management, 76, 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.039
Barbosa, L.G., Alves, M.A.S., Grelle, C.E.V. (2021) Actions against sustainability: Dismantling of the environmental policies in Brazil, Land Use Policy, 104, 105384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105384
BCB, Banco Central do Brasil (Brazilian Central Bank) (2022a) Conversor de Moedas (Currency Converter). Accessed on 19 April 2022, available at: https://www.bcb.gov.br/conversao
BCB, Banco Central do Brasil (Brazilian Central Bank) (2022b) Histórico das metas para a inflação (Historic Inflation Targets). Accessed on 11 March 2022, available at: https://www.bcb.gov.br/controleinflacao/historicometas
Bezerra, M.M. (2012) Estação de transferência como alternativa de otimização logística na destinação final de resíduos sólidos (Transfer station as an alternative for logistics optimization in final destination of solid waste). Faculdade de Tecnologia da Zona Leste.
Bialostocka, O. (2021) UNESCO World Heritage Convention and the diversity of cultural contexts within the sustainable development paradigm. Human Sciences Research Council. Accessed on 12 February 2023, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11910/16393
BNDES, Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Brazilian Bank of Economic and Social Development) (2014) Análise das Diversas Tecnologias de Tratamento e Disposição Final de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos no Brasil, Europa, Estados Unidos e Japão. Jaboatão dos Guararapes.
Brazil (2007) Política Nacional do Saneamento Básico (Brazilian Policy on Basic Sanitation). Available at: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2007/lei/l11445.htm
Brazil (2010) Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (National Policy on Solid Waste). Available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm
Brogaard, L.K. and Christensen, T.H. (2016) Life cycle assessment of capital goods in waste management systems, Waste Management, 56, 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.037
Calderón Márquez, A.J., Silva de Souza Lima Cano, N., Rutkowski, E.W. (2021) Inclusion of Waste Pickers Into Municipal Waste Management Systems: A Comparison Between Colombia and Brazil, The Journal of Environment & Development, 30(4), 395–425. https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965211053425
Clavreul, J., Baumeister, H., Christensen, T.H., Damgaard, A. (2014) An environmental assessment system for environmental technologies, Environmental Modelling & Software, 60, 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.06.007
Colvero, D.A., Gomes, A.P.D., Tarelho, L.A.C., Matos, M.A.A., Santos, K.A. (2018) Use of a geographic information system to find areas for locating of municipal solid waste management facilities, Waste Management, 77, 500–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.036
Colvero, D.A., Gomes, A.P.D., Tarelho, L.A. da C., de Matos, M.A.A., Ramalho, J.C.M. (2019) Proposal of an Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Facilities for Small Municipalities, The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, 45(3), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.5276/JSWTM/2019.273
Colvero, D.A., Ramalho, J.C.M., Gomes, A.P.D., Matos, M.A.A., Tarelho, L.A.C. (2020) Economic analysis of a shared municipal solid waste management facility in a metropolitan region, Waste Management, 102, 823–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.033
Colvero, D.A., Pfeiffer, S.C., Carvalho, E.H. (2016) Materiais recicláveis provindos dos resíduos urbanos: caso de estudo para o estado de Goiás, Brasil, in A Engenharia Sanitária nas Cidades do Futuro: Livro de comunicações. Encontro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental/ENASB, Lisboa: Ramísio, P. J.; Lopes G. A., Pinto L. M. C. ; Leite, F.; Rosa, M. J., 713–720. https://doi.org/10.22181/17ENASB.2016
Copa, J.R., Tuna, C.E., Silveira, J.L., Boloy, R.A.M., Brito, P., Silva, V., Cardoso, J., Eusébio, D. (2020) Techno-Economic Assessment of the Use of Syngas Generated from Biomass to Feed an Internal Combustion Engine, Energies, 13(12), 3097. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123097
ECB, European Central Bank (2022) ECB euro reference exchange rate: US dollar (USD), European Central Bank. Accessed on 7 December 2022, available at: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html
ES, Espírito Santo (2019) State Plan for Solid Waste Management - Diagnosis on MSW management in Espírito Santo (Plano Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos - Diagnóstico sobre a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no Espírito Santo). Accessed on 16 July 2020, available at: https://seama.es.gov.br/plano-estadual-de-residuos-solidos
Fernández-González, J.M., Grindlay, A.L., Serrano-Bernardo, F., Rodríguez-Rojas, M.I., Zamorano, M. (2017) Economic and environmental review of Waste-to-Energy systems for municipal solid waste management in medium and small municipalities, Waste Management, 67, 360–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.wasman.2017.05.003
Ferronato, N., Guisbert Lizarazu, G.E., Gorritty Portillo, M.A., Moresco, L., Conti, F., Torretta, V. (2022) Environmental assessment of construction and demolition waste recycling in Bolivia: Focus on transportation distances and selective collection rates, Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 40(6), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211029170
IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) (2023) Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (Brazilian Wide Consumer Price Index). Available at: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/precos-e-custos/9256-indice-nacional-de-precos-ao-consumidor-amplo.html?=&t=series-historicas
Khan, Md.M.-U.-H., Jain, S., Vaezi, M., Kumar, A. (2016) Development of a decision model for the techno-economic assessment of municipal solid waste utilization pathways, Waste Management, 48, 548–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.016
Lin, L., Shah, A., Keener, H., Li, Y. (2018) Improving the sustainability of organic waste management practices in the food-energy-water nexus: A comparative review of anaerobic digestion and composting, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 89, 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.025
Lin, L., Xu, F., Ge, X., Li, Y. (2019) Techno-economic analyses of solid-state anaerobic digestion and composting of yard trimmings, Waste Management, 85, 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.037
Lombardi, L. and Francini, G. (2020) Techno-economic and environmental assessment of the main biogas upgrading technologies, Renewable Energy, 156, 440–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.083
Luz, F.C., Rocha, M.H., Lora, E.E.S., Venturini, O.J., Andrade, R.V., Leme, M.M.V., del Olmo, O.A. (2015) Techno-economic analysis of municipal solid waste gasification for electricity generation in Brazil, Energy Conversion and Management, 103, 321–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.074
Mabalane, P.N., Oboirien, B.O., Sadiku, E.R., Masukume, M. (2021) A Techno-economic Analysis of Anaerobic Digestion and Gasification Hybrid System: Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in South Africa, Waste and Biomass Valorization, 12(3), 1167–1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01043-z
Marca Ambiental (2021) Ecofone: Resposta – Trabalhos Acadêmicos.
Marca Ambiental (2022) Ecofone: Resposta – Trabalhos Acadêmicos.
Marello, M. and Helwege, A. (2018) Solid Waste Management and Social Inclusion of Wastepickers: Opportunities and Challenges, Latin American Perspectives, 45(1), 108–129. https://doi.org/10.1177 /0094582X17726083
MMA, Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Brazilian Ministry of the Environment) (2012) National Plan for Solid Waste (Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos). Accessed: 29 August 2021, available at: https://sinir.gov.br/images/ sinir/Arquivos_diversos_do_portal/PNRS_Revisao_Decreto_280812.pdf
MMA, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Secretaria de Qualidade Ambiental (Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, Secretariat of Environmental Quality) (2020) National Plan for Solid Waste - Public consultation (Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos). Accessed on 22 April 2021, available at: http://consultaspublicas. mma.gov.br/planares/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Plano-Nacional-de-Res%C3%ADduos-S%C3%B3lidos-Consulta-P%C3%BAblica.pdf
Nubi, O., Morse, S., Murphy, R.J. (2021) A Prospective Social Life Cycle Assessment (sLCA) of Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria, Sustainability, 13(18), 10177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810177
Nubi, O., Morse, S., Murphy, R.J. (2022a) Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria: A Prospective Study, Energies, 15(23), 9173. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239173
Nubi, O., Morse, S., Murphy, R.J. (2022b) Prospective Life Cycle Costing of Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria, Sustainability, 14(20), 13293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013293
Ozcan, H., Guvenc, S., Guvenc, L., Demir, G. (2016) Municipal Solid Waste Characterization According to Different Income Levels: A Case Study, Sustainability, 8(10), 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101044
Pereira, C.D., Franco, D., Castilhos Jr, A.B. (2013) Implantação de Estação de Transferência de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos utilizando Tecnologia SIG, Brazilian Journal of Environmental Sciences (Online), (27), 71–84.
Ramalho, J.C.M., Calmon, J.L., Colvero, D.A., Siman, R.R. (2021) Environmental assessment of MSW collection/transport using biomethane in mid-sized metropolitan areas of developing countries. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03837-7
Reichert, G.A. (2013) Apoio à tomada de decisão por meio da avaliação do ciclo de vida em sistemas de gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólidos urbanos: o caso de Porto Alegre. Doctoral dissertation. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Available at: https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/87557
Rocha, K., Gutierrez Sarmiento, M.B., Hauser, P. (2012) A remuneração dos investimentos em energia renovável no Brasil – Uma proposta metodológica ao benchmark da UNFCCC para o Brasil, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), February. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipe/ipetds/1701.html
Sharma, B.K. and Chandel, M.K. (2021) Life cycle cost analysis of municipal solid waste management scenarios for Mumbai, India, Waste Management, 124, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.002
SNIS - Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (Brazilian Sanitation Information System) (2022) SNIS - Série Histórica (Historic Series). Accessed on 28 April 2022, available at: http://app4.mdr.gov.br/ serieHistorica
Soares, I., Couto, J., Moreira, J., Pinho, C. (2015) Decisões de Investimento - Análise financeira de projetos. 4th edn. Lisbon, Portugal: Edições Sílabo (Sílabo Gestão).
Tsilemou, K. and Panagiotakopoulos, D. (2006) Approximate cost functions for solid waste treatment facilities, Waste Management & Research, 24(4), 310–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X06066343
UN, United Nations (2015) THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development. Accessed on 12 February 2023, available at: https://sdgs.un.org/goals
UM, United Nations (2023) Em Davos, Guterres diz que mundo está no olho de um grande furacão | ONU News. Accessed, 12 February 2023, available at: https://news.un.org/pt/story/2023/01/1808297
Vergara, S.E., Damgaard, A., Gomez, D. (2016) The Efficiency of Informality: Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Informal Recycling in Bogotá, Colombia: Quantifying GHG Reductions from Informal Recycling in Colombia, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 20(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12257
Vesere, R., Kalnins, S.N. and Blumberga, D. (2021) Role of Green Jobs in the Reduction of Waste and Waste Management, Environmental and Climate Technologies, 25(1), 1128–1141. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0085
Yang, Y., Wang, J., Chong, K., Bridgwater, A.V. (2018) A techno-economic analysis of energy recovery from organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) by an integrated intermediate pyrolysis and combined heat and power (CHP) plant, Energy Conversion and Management, 174, 406–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.033
--
Abbott, A., Nandeibam, S., O’Shea, L. (2011) Explaining the variation in household recycling rates across the UK. Ecological Economics, 70(11), 2214–2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.06.028
Abdallah, M., Hamdan, S., Shabib, A. (2021) A multi-objective optimization model for strategic waste management master plans. Journal of Cleaner Production, 284, 124714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124714
Aleluia, J., Ferrão, P. (2017) Assessing the costs of municipal solid waste treatment technologies in developing Asian countries. Waste Management, 69, 592–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.047
Al-Rumaihi, A., McKay, G., Mackey, H. R., Al-Ansari, T. (2020) Environmental Impact Assessment of Food Waste Management Using Two Composting Techniques. Sustainability, 12(4), 1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041595
BCB - Banco Central do Brasil (Brazilian Central Bank) (2022a) Conversor de Moedas (Currency Converter) https://www.bcb.gov.br/conversao
BCB - Banco Central do Brasil (Brazilian Central Bank) (2022b) Histórico das metas para a inflação (Historic Inflation Targets) https://www.bcb.gov.br/controleinflacao/historicometas
Boldrin, A., Neidel, T. L., Damgaard, A., Bhander, G. S., Møller, J., Christensen, T. H. (2011) Modelling of environmental impacts from biological treatment of organic municipal waste in EASEWASTE. Waste Management, 31(4), 619–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.025
Chen, Y.-C., Lo, S.-L. (2016) Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions for several municipal solid waste management strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 606–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.058
Colvero, D. A., Ramalho, J. C. M., Gomes, A. P. D., Matos, M. A. A., Tarelho, L. A. C. (2020) Economic analysis of a shared municipal solid waste management facility in a metropolitan region. Waste Management, 102, 823–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.033
Costa, G., Lieto, A., Lombardi, F. (2019) LCA of a Consortium-Based MSW Management System to Quantify the Decrease in Environmental Impacts Achieved for Increasing Separate Collection Rates and Other Modifications. Sustainability, 11(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102810
Di Maria, F., Micale, C. (2013) Impact of source segregation intensity of solid waste on fuel consumption and collection costs. Waste Management, 33(11), 2170–2176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.023
Duan, Z., Lu, W., Mustafa, M. F., Du, J., Wen, Y. (2022) Odorous gas emissions from sewage sludge composting windrows affected by the turning operation and associated health risks. Science of The Total Environment, 839, 155996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155996
ES - Espírito Santo. (2019) State Plan for Solid Waste Management—Diagnosis on MSW management in Espírito Santo (Plano Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos—Diagnóstico sobre a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no Espírito Santo) https://seama.es.gov.br/plano-estadual-de-residuos-solidos
Ferronato, N., Ragazzi, M., Gorritty Portillo, M. A., Guisbert Lizarazu, E. G., Viotti, P., Torretta, V. (2019) How to improve recycling rate in developing big cities: An integrated approach for assessing municipal solid waste collection and treatment scenarios. Environmental Development, 29, 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2019.01.002
Gallardo, A., Bovea, M. D., Colomer, F. J., Prades, M. (2012) Analysis of collection systems for sorted household waste in Spain. Waste Management, 32(9), 1623–1633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.04.006
Gallardo, A., Colomer-Mendoza, F. J., Carlos-Alberola, M., Badenes, C., Edo-Alcón, N., Esteban-Altabella, J. (2021) Efficiency of a pilot scheme for the separate collection of the biowaste from municipal solid waste in Spain. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90957-2
Gredmaier, L., Riley, K., Vaz, F., Heaven, S. (2013) Seasonal Yield and Fuel Consumed for Domestic, Organic Waste Collections in Currently Operational Door-to-Door and Bring-Type Collection Systems. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 4(3), 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-012-9193-8
Hannan, M. A., Hossain Lipu, M. S., Akhtar, M., Begum, R. A., Al Mamun, M. A., Hussain, A., Mia, M. S., Basri, H. (2020) Solid waste collection optimization objectives, constraints, modeling approaches, and their challenges toward achieving sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123557
Kurniawan, T. A., Lo, W., Singh, D., Othman, M. H. D., Avtar, R., Hwang, G. H., Albadarin, A. B., Kern, A. O., Shirazian, S. (2021) A societal transition of MSW management in Xiamen (China) toward a circular economy through integrated waste recycling and technological digitization. Environmental Pollution, 277, 116741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116741
Lakhan, C. (2014) Exploring the relationship between municipal promotion and education investments and recycling rate performance in Ontario, Canada. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 92, 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.07.006
Lima, P. M., Colvero, D. A., Gomes, A. P., Wenzel, H., Schalch, V., Cimpan, C. (2018) Environmental assessment of existing and alternative options for management of municipal solid waste in Brazil. Waste Management, 78, 857–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.007
Lin, L., Shah, A., Keener, H., Li, Y. (2019) Techno-economic analyses of solid-state anaerobic digestion and composting of yard trimmings. Waste Management, 85, 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.037
Lohri, C. R., Camenzind, E. J., Zurbrügg, C. (2014) Financial sustainability in municipal solid waste management – Costs and revenues in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Waste Management, 34(2), 542–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.014
Madon, I., Drev, D., Likar, J. (2019) Long-term risk assessments comparing environmental performance of different types of sanitary landfills. Waste Management, 96, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.001
Marca Ambiental. (2020) Usina Termelétrica a Biogás. https://www.marcaambiental.com.br/usina-termeletrica-a-biogas/
Marca Ambiental. (2021, May 4) Lixo vira energia limpa e conta de luz fica até 15% mais barata. A Gazeta. https://www.agazeta.com.br/especial-publicitario/marcaambiental/lixo-vira-energia-limpa-e-contade-luz-fica-ate-15-mais-barata-0421
Marca Ambiental. (2022) Ecofone: Resposta – Trabalhos Acadêmicos [Personal communication].
Martinho, G., Gomes, A., Santos, P., Ramos, M., Cardoso, J., Silveira, A., Pires, A. (2017) A case study of packaging waste collection systems in Portugal – Part I: Performance and operation analysis. Waste Management, 61, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.030
Mehta, Y. D., Shastri, Y., Joseph, B. (2018) Economic analysis and life cycle impact assessment of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal: A case study of Mumbai, India. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 36(12), 1177–1189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18790354
MMA, Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Brazilian Ministry of the Environment) (2012) National Plan for Solid Waste (Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos) https://sinir.gov.br/images/sinir/Arquivos_diversos_do_portal/PNRS_Revisao_Decreto_280812.pdf
MMA, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Secretaria de Qualidade Ambiental (Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, Secretariat of Environmental Quality) (2020) National Plan for Solid Waste—Public consultation (Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos) http://consultaspublicas.mma.gov.br/planares/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Plano-Nacional-de-Res%C3%ADduos-S%C3%B3lidos-Consulta-P%C3%BAblica.pdf
Murphy, J. D., Power, N. M. (2006) A Technical, Economic and Environmental Comparison of Composting and Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Municipal Waste. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 41(5), 865–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520600614488
Pérez, J., Lumbreras, J., Rodríguez, E., Vedrenne, M. (2017) A methodology for estimating the carbon footprint of waste collection vehicles under different scenarios: Application to Madrid. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 52, 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.007
Pires, A., Sargedas, J., Miguel, M., Pina, J., Martinho, G. (2017) A case study of packaging waste collection systems in Portugal – Part II: Environmental and economic analysis. Waste Management, 61, 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.032
Rajendran, K., Murthy, G. S. (2019) Techno-economic and life cycle assessments of anaerobic digestion – A review. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 20, 101207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101207
Ramalho, J. C. M., Calmon, J. L., Colvero, D. A., Siman, R. R. (2022) Environmental assessment of municipal solid waste collection/transport using biomethane in mid-sized metropolitan areas of developing countries. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(10), 9991–10006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03837-7
Reichert, G. A. (2013) Apoio à tomada de decisão por meio da avaliação do ciclo de vida em sistemas de gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólidos urbanos: O caso de Porto Alegre, Tese de Doutorado, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/87557
SNIS, Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (2022) SNIS - Série Histórica (Historic Series) Brazilian Sanitation Information System. http://app4.mdr.gov.br/serieHistorica
Sulemana, A., Donkor, E. A., Forkuo, E. K., Oduro-Kwarteng, S. (2018) Optimal Routing of Solid Waste Collection Trucks: A Review of Methods. Journal of Engineering, 2018, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4586376
Takahashi, W. (2020) Economic rationalism or administrative rationalism? Curbside collection systems in Sweden and Japan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118288
Tang, J., Wei, L., Su, M., Zhang, H., Chang, X., Liu, Y., Wang, N., Xiao, E., Ekberg, C., Steenari, B.-M., Xiao, T. (2018) Source analysis of municipal solid waste in a mega-city (Guangzhou): Challenges or opportunities? Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 36(12), 1166–1176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18790350
Teixeira, C. A., Russo, M., Matos, C., Bentes, I. (2014) Evaluation of operational, economic, and environmental performance of mixed and selective collection of municipal solid waste: Porto case study. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 32(12), 1210–1218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14554642
Tsilemou, K., Panagiotakopoulos, D. (2006) Approximate cost functions for solid waste treatment facilities. Waste Management & Research, 24(4), 310–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X06066343
Xiao, S., Dong, H., Geng, Y., Francisco, M.-J., Pan, H., Wu, F. (2020) An overview of the municipal solid waste management modes and innovations in Shanghai, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(24), 29943–29953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09398-5
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.